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 JGHACTEC ISPsIlluminati PPPusernameemailing www.domain.com&www.microsoft.comunencryptedcrummeyextranetGallensteinspousal"noncontributing WSJCommrStillwaterSteinfeldremaindermenNotellnonjudiciallynonjudicial w 2*   _@%   1  ڄJGH/GMK ((3$ T!   T!   _1u+  C $#CTRX3'X3' Letter3' Letter3'T& %XX & %%&     -XP X-    #dddd   C $$ CTRX3'X3'3' Letter3' LetterT & %% &  & %% &     3XP Xh3    #dddd      % K  6 & LEGALRESEARCHONTHEINTERNET & %  f ByJosephG.Hodges,Jr.AttorneyatLaw L  Denver,Coloradojghodges@iex.net @  andGlennM.KarischBarnes&Karisch,P.C. * Austin,Texas_karisch_@texasprobate.com   , ,6 & Copyright1999ByJosephG.Hodges,Jr.,andGlennM.Karisch,AllRightsReserved & % ,  T AMERICANCOLLEGEOFTRUSTANDESTATECOUNSEL (# 1999AnnualMeeting )$     P+&! u+ u u    NQ a @.." TableofContents  /         0 p    I.INTRODUCTION#""J(#. p(#p(##3 ! ݌  @ Ќ     0 p    II.INTERNETBASICS#""J(#. p(#p(##3 ݌ ?  Ќ     0 p 0 p(#p(# p   A. ConnectingtotheInternet#""J(#.``/ (# (##3 ݌   Ќ    u 0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   1. @ PersonalModemConnection#""J(#.2@ (#@ (##3u ݌   Ќ    z 0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   2. @ ISDN#""J(#. @ (#@ (##4z ݌  P  Ќ    i0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   3. @ T1#""J(#.  @ (#@ (##5i݌    Ќ    P0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   4. @ CableModems,SatelliteConnections,Etc.#""J(#.A@ (#@ (##5Pk݌ O  Ќ    d0 p 0 p(#p(# p   B. BasicInternetFeatures#""J(#.||, (# (##5d݌   Ќ    L0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   1. @ Email#""J(#. @ (#@ (##5Lg݌   Ќ    <0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   2. @ WebBrowsing#""J(#.$@ (#@ (##6<W݌ `  Ќ    -0 p 0 p(#p(# p   C. UsingtheInternettoCommunicateWithOthers#""J(#.B (# (##7-H݌ 0  Ќ    +0 p    III.USINGTHEINTERNETFORLEGALRESEARCH#""J(#.XX5p(#p(##8+F݌ /  Ќ    0 p 0 p(#p(# p   A. FreeResearch#""J(#. " (# (##8!݌  Ќ    0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   1. @ TheWorldWideWeb#""J(#.*@ (#@ (##8݌ p Ќ    0 p 0 p(#p(#0@ (# (#   2. @ EmailMailingLists#""J(#.+@ (#@ (##9݌ @ Ќ    0 p 0 p(#p(# p   B.FeeBasedResearch#""J(#.LL( (# (##9݌ o Ќ    0 p 0 p(#p(# p   C.AStrategyforResearchingontheInternet#""J(#.@ (# (##9݌ ? Ќ    0 p    IV.CONCLUSION#""J(#. p(#p(##9݌  Ќ    \0 p    APPENDIXA"FACTSITUATIONSFORDISCUSSION#p"p"I(#.&&5p(#p(##10\w݌   Ќ    ;0 p    APPENDIXB"FEDERALANDTAXRESOURCES#p"p"I(#.0p(#p(##13;V݌  Ќ    0 p    APPENDIXC"STATELAWLINKS#p"p"I(#.JJ&p(#p(##200݌ ` Ќ    0 p    APPENDIXD"INTERNETLEGALRESEARCHRESOURCEMATERIALS#p"p"I(#.Ap(#p(##47݌ _   Ќ    0 p    APPENDIXE"GLOSSARYOFTECHNICALTERMS#p"p"I(#.2p(#p(##48݌ !" Ќ     #@$   C $$ CTRX3'X3'3' Letter3' LetterT & %% &  & %% &     3XP Xh3    #dddd  3,XFXh3C T $ C XX          @ LEGALRESEARCHONTHEINTERNET".          C $ T C  ([(#(#(2  I  .3  ԀINTRODUCTION #    IthasbecomevirtuallyimpossibleforalawyernottobecomecaughtintheInternet"or,moreparticularly,theWorldWideWeb.Evenifanattorneyisnotpersonallyasurfer,theInternetsevergrowingnetworkofinterconnected,interrelatedinformationisbecomingtheprincipalmeansofdistributinginformation.Lawyersessentiallyareintheinformationbusiness"usingtheirknowledgeofthelawandthefactstoeffectivelyrepresenttheirclients.Lawyersmusthaveawaytoaccessinformationtoproperlydotheirjobs.ThisisparticularlytruewithACTECFellows,whohaveanevengreaterneedforcurrent,accurateinformationabouttheirareaofpracticesincetheyareatthetopoftheirprofession.Thispaperattemptstodotwothings.First,itprovidesatraditional,textualdiscussionofsomeofthebasicsofaccessingandusingtheInternet.ExperiencedInternetusersmaysafelyskipthissection.Second,andmoreimportantly,itprovidesadeparturepointforwebbasedlegalresearchintheestateandtrustlawareas.Technicaltermswhichareitalicizedinthispaper  aredefinedintheglossaryattachedtothispaperasAppendixE.  2  II  .3  ԀINTERNETBASICS &)  C<! TheInternetisalargelyunregulatedwebofcomputers(andcomputerusers)whichareconnectedtogether(throughphonelines,localarea "|% networks(LANs)andhighspeedconnections)and S#L& shareinformation.TheInternetbeganinacademiaandthemilitarybuthasbecomeincreasinglycommercialinnature.   2  A  .3    ConnectingtotheInternet + c'\#+ ThefirststepinusingtheInternetisgettingonescomputerconnected.SomecomputersareconnectedfulltimetotheInternet.Mostlawfirmsandothersmallbusinessesandindividualsdonot havefulltimeconnectionstotheInternet, C,<(1 however.W U  1      ׀Personswhoarenotconnectedfulltime  1  directlytotheInternetaccesstheInternet(usuallybyatelephoneline)throughtheservicesofanInternetserviceprovider(ISP). |4 TherearenationalandlocalISPs.Thelargestand # 6 bestknownISPisAmericaOnline.Eachcityand  7 mosttownsalsohavelocalcompanieswhichprovideservices.Forexample,oneoftheauthorsusesIlluminatiOnline(_io.com_),anAustincompanyprovidingISPservicesinAustinandHouston. 3, ; HerearethemostcommonwaystoconnecttotheInternetthroughanISP:  >    6  2  1  .3    PersonalModemConnection 0 C<@ Traditionally,LB U  2      ׀mostusersconnecttoanISPthrough B amodemlocatedinorattachedtotheuserspersonalcomputer.Amodemisadevicewhich |D makesitpossibletosendacomputersdigitalinformationovertraditionalanalogtelephonelines(plainoldtelephoneservice,orPOTS).Toconnect G inthisway,theusermustestablishadialupaccountwithanISP.Thisusuallycostsaround I $2030permonthforunlimited(or,atleast,ahighnumberofhoursof)use.Oncetheaccountisestablished,theusercauseshisorhermodemtodialtheISPslocaltelephone N number(toavoidlongdistancecharges)and,afteranelectronichandshake(thehighpitchednoisethatcomputersandfaxmachinesmakeoverthetelephonelinewhenconnecting)theuserentershisusernameandpassword(orhashisorhercomputerautomaticallyentersuchinformation).InordertohavefullaccesstotheInternet,includingallthoseprettyWebpages,theusermusthaveaSLIPorPPPconnection.WithoutSLIP/PPP,the %!X userusuallyislimitedtoelectronicmail(email)and &"Y afewotherhardtouseserviceswithnographical c'\#Z userinterface(GUI).Intheolddays(say,ayearor 3(,$[ soago),itwasachoretoproperlysetupa )$\ SLIP/PPPconnection.Now,Windows95and98  userscandosoquicklyandeasilyusingsoftwarethatisbundled(soldalongwithfornoextraprice)  withWindows.ThisbundlingdrivesMicrosoftcompetitorsoutofbusinessandissomethingwewillallprobablycometoregretwhenBillGatesbecomesemperor,butitdoesmakegettingafullconnectiontotheInterneteasier.BecauseacomputerthinksandtalksinadigitallanguageandtraditionalPOTStelephonelinescarryanaloginformation,thedigitaltoanalogtodigitaltranslationwhichmustoccurimposestechnicalproblemsandafairamountofunpredictability.Modemsoneachendmustnotonlyconvertandtransmit(orreceive)thedata,buttheymustconfirmwitheachotherthatthecorrectdatawassentandreceived.Thefastestmodemsgenerallyavailableare56Kmodems,whichtheoreticallycandownloadfromanISPatspeedsapproaching56,000bytesofinformationpersecondanduploadatupto31,200bytespersecond.DuetoFCCregulationsandreallifeconditions,actualperformanceneverreachesthesetheoreticallimits.Also,notallPOTS WP telephonelinescansupport56Ktransmissions. '     F  2  2  .3    ISDN ;  SomefirmsandhighendindividualusershaveswitchedtoIntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork 70 (ISDN)accesstotheirISPs.ISDNlinestransmit   digitalinformation,makingitunnecessarytousea ! modemtotranslatedigitalinformationtoanalog " andback.ISDNlinesprovidetwopairedlines w p# ( Blines),eachcapableofcarrying64,000bytesofinformationpersecond.IfbothBlinesareusedtogethertoconnecttoanISP,128,000bytesof "& informationpersecondmaybetransmitted.Becausethesignalremainsdigital,thereislittleor $ ( nodegradation.Thus,128Ktransmissionsaremorethantheoreticallypossible.ISDNusescopperlines, ) justlikePOTSlines,butaspecialinstallationis * necessary.Also,ISDNlinesareslightlymore wp+ expensivethanPOTSlines.ISPsusuallycharge G@, moreforanISDNconnectionthanforamodem - connection.TouseanISDNline,theusermusthaveanISDN  0 terminal.Theseterminals,whicharesimilartomodems,usedtobequiteexpensivebutnowcostlittlemorethanamodem.  3 ManysmallbusinessesinstallISDNroutersontheir  5 localareanetworks(LANs).Theserouters,which g` 6 containtheISDNterminal,areavailablefor$400 70 7 "$900.TheyenableeveryoneonthenetworktoshareanISDNlineforInternetaccess.Likea  9 server,therouterdetermineshowtoallocatethe : bandwidth(thetransmissioncapacity)amongthe wp; users.Bandwidthisallocatedonlywhileauseris G@< uploadingordownloadinginformation.Thus,eventhoughfourpersonsmaybeusingtheInternetatonce,chancesaretheyarenotsimultaneouslydownloadingand/oruploadingveryoften.Whenthereisnosimultaneoususe,theentire128Kbandwidthisallocatedtothepersonusingit"meaningthathisorherperformancemorethandoublesa56Kmodem.Eveniffourpersonswere D uploadingordownloadingatthesameinstant,eachwouldbeallocatedapproximately31Kofbandwidth"comparabletoa34Kmodem. 70G HereisacostbreakdownonarecentISDN I installationforalawfirmwithfourattorneys: % &  J ([  (*Z[ ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,T5+  -\\ /&("J Pr-   OneTimeCharges  ?\],!&"K \\ ?   Amount  O\@,&"L% r0 P \] PbOISDNServiceConnectionCharge(SouthwesternBell) 6]#'#M\ 6$78.60 F\7#'#N b0 P ] PbFISDNInstallationCharge(SouthwesternBell)(24monthcontract"withnocontract,installationis$250.00,withoneyearcontract,$125.00) E]2 *&P\ # 3E0.00 U\F2O)H%Q3 # b0 P ] PbUISDNLANRouter(Shiva_AccessPort_Ԁ2.0) W]De+^'R\ @695@W695.00 g\XDe+^'S @695 b0 P @] PbgDialupISDNInternetAccess"ISPInstallationCharge(IlluminatiOnline) W]D,(T\ Y@100Y@W100.00 g\XD,(U Y@100 b0 P Y@] PbgTotalOneTimeCharges X]E.*V\  @3L@X873.600 h\YE.*W3  @ b0 P L@] Pbh   MonthlyCharges  ?],!ib \ ?   Amount  O\@,ib% b0 P ] PbOISDNMonthlyService(SouthwesternBell) 6]#\ 6$52.27 F\7# b0 P ] PbFDialupISDNInternetAccess"ISP(IlluminatiOnline) V]C\  @U@85@U@V85.00 l\][C  @U@85 b0 P @U@] PblTotalMonthlyCharges X]]Eoh\]  @3q= ף(a@X137.270UKIoh3  @ b P q= ף(a@]] U & %    F   (J(#(#(Thisarrangementpermittedthefirmtoavoidtheneedformodemsonindividualcomputers(aonetimesavingsofapproximately$300),theinstallationofuptofourdedicatedPOTSlinesformodemuse   (SouthwesternBellchargesslightlylessthan$50.00permonthperPOTSline,plusinstallationcharges) oh  andmaintenanceofmultipleInternetaccountsattheISP(approximately$20.00permonthperaccount).   ThisarrangementalsoallowseveryoneintheofficetoaccesstheInternet(notjusttheattorneyswithmodems)ataverageconnectionrateswhichare x muchhigherthanifeachpersonconnectedviaamodem.       F  2  3  .3    T1 T  Verylargefirms(orfirmsfortunateenoughtoofficeinbuildingswhereISPsarelocated)sometimes /( connecttotheInternetthroughaT1connection.Thesefirmsare,inessence,hotwiredtotheInternet.Thecostofsuchaconnectionisprohibitiveforallbutthelargestfirms.   2  4  .3    CableModems,SatelliteConnections,Etc. V ! Theraceisontoprovideincreasedbandwidthata # lowcost.Telephonecompanies,cabletelevisioncompanies,electronicscompaniesandstartupbusinessesallareapproachingthebandwidthissue "& fromdifferentdirections,andnewhighspeedmeansofaccessingtheInternetareappearingfrequently.Cabletelevisioncompanieshaveemergednearthefrontofthepack,largelyduetotheiralreadyextensivenetworkofcableTVlines.Cablemodems &", andcorrespondingInternetserviceisnowavailableinmanyareasat$40"$50permonth.Theseconnectionsaremuchfasterthananythingcurrentlymovingovertraditionaltelephonelines,includingISDN. +'1 Nottobeoutdone,telephonecompaniesarecoming upwithwaystosendmoredataovertraditional -x)4 phonelines,andsomehavebeguntoofferconnectionsfasterthanISDNinlimitedareas. / (5  GiventherapidlychangingnatureofstateoftheartInternetaccess,itpaystoinvestigatewhatisavailableinaparticularlocaleandtoavoidlargeinvestmentsinhardware"whichmaybeoutdatedinamatterofmonths,ratherthanyears.Forexample,theupfrontcostsofanISDNrouter  < discussedabove"seeminglyasoundinvestmentjustmonthsago"maybeunwiseifacheaper,fasterconnectionviaacablemodemorsimilar OH? productisnowavailable.   2  B  .3    BasicInternetFeatures N] B OnceanoviceisconnectedtotheInternet,therearetwobasicfeaturesthatgetthemostuse"email /(E andwebbrowsing.     6  2  1  .3    Email ^ H Electronicmail(email)isameanstosendmessages ?8J fromonecomputertoanotheroveranetwork.Therearebothinternalemailsystems,permitting L themembersofalocalareanetwork(LAN)topass M messagestoeachother,andexternalsystems,permittingcomputeruserstoexchangemessagesoverlongdistances,usuallyovertheInternet.ThispaperfocusesonemailontheInternet,notforintra "Q officemessagingoveraLAN. #R Emailpermitsquick,free(ifonedoesntcountthe _%X!T costofhavinganaccountwithanISP)transmission /&("U ofmessagesandcomputerfilesworldwide.ItusuallytakeslessthantwominutesforamessagetogetfromthesendingcomputertoanywhereintheUnitedStates.Tosendandreceiveemail,theusermusthavean +'[ accountwithanISPandanemailclientprogram(a +'\ clientprogramiswhattheenduserusestosendandreceiveinformationtoaserver).Emailclient -x)^ programscomebundledwiththetwofreeweb O.H*_ browserprograms"NetscapeNavigatorandInternetExplorer.Inaddition,thereareotherfreeprograms,likeindustryleader_Eudora_ԀLight.Oncetheseclientprogramsareconfiguredwiththeright wp informationtocommunicatewiththeserver G@ programattheISP,theycansendandreceiveemail.  Touseemail,onemusthaveabasicunderstanding   ofInternetnamingconventions.Emailaddresses   typicallyfollowtheformat 4^ngJ  5  username@domain.com. 6ZfJnf  7 fԀTheusernameisaunique '   namethattheuserselects(orisassignedbytheISP).ThedomainiseithertheISPsname(suchas   _AOL_ԀforAmericaOnline)oranotherdomain.For   $70,anyonecanregisteradomainnameand,so ib  longasnooneelsepickeditfirst,heorshecanusethatdomain.Tosendemail,onemustknowthe    proposedrecipientsemailaddress.   Oneofthekeyfeaturesofemailistheabilityto yr attachfilestoemailmessages.Thiscomesinvery IB handy.Forexample,assumethatapleadingmustbefiledtodayinacity200milesaway.Localcounselcanhandlethefiling,butthepleadingisonthecomputeratthehomeoffice.Byemailingthefileto  localcounsel,thepleadingcanbeprinted,signedandfiledquickly.Anotherkeyfeatureofemailistheabilitytoeasily  respondto,andquotefrom,apriormessage.SupposeJohnsendsSallythefollowingmessage:  *r_` d ddd T5Z[VVr,d +  1\\]] ! P1a&y%% & To:0 l 4blJ  5  sally@aol.com6lJl  7 m#ll From:0 l 4clJ  5  john@io.com6mJm  7& m $ll Subject:0 _ DinnerSaturdaynight? __ HowabouthavingdinnerwithmeSaturdaynight?John & %%a&y %!+ 3)'&", d P \\]] 3Torespondtothemessage,Sallymerelyneedstohitthe Replybutton,andsheispresentedwithascreensimilartothis:  ,(2 *_de ddd _`(#(#_ ,d   ,d   ,d   ,d  +  1\\]] 2 P1a&y%% &  To:0 \ 4f\J  5  john@io.com6uqJq  7q)"4\j"\j" From:0 \ 4g\J  5  sally@aol.com6SrJgr  7r5\j"\j" Subject:0 O Re:DinnerSaturdaynight? Oj"Oj" On6/5/98,youwrote:>Howabouthavingdinnerwith>meSaturdaynight?>>John & %%a&y  > 3)'S L ? d P \\]] 3  ItisaverysimplematterforSallytotypeherreplyandsendtheresponse:*_hi ddd de(#(#_,d +  1\\]] D P1a&y%% & To:0 \ 4j\J  5  john@io.com6`uJtu  7u)"E\j"\j" From:0 \ 4k\J  5  sally@aol.com6>vJRv  7vF\j"\j" Subject:0 O Re:DinnerSaturdaynight? Oj"Oj" Sorry,John,ImrearrangingmysockdrawerSaturdaynight.SallyOn6/5/98,youwrote:>Howabouthavingdinnerwith>meSaturdaynight?>>John & %%a&y3)'KDT d P \\]] 3   6 Theabilitytostringresponsestogetherhelpskeepthingsstraightiftheemailequivalentoftelephone ;!4V tagensues.   6    6  2  2  .3    WebBrowsing y #Y WebbrowsingissuchahugeeconomicforceintheUnitedStatesthattheJusticeDepartmentissuingMicrosoftoverthewayinwhichitbundlesitsweb &"] browser,InternetExplorer,withWindows98.Businesses,institutionsandindividualsaroundtheworldhaveplacedmillionsofpagesofinformationavailableforpublicviewingontheInternet,andawebbrowseristhewaycomputerusersexplorethatinformation.TobrowsetheWeb,oneneedseitherNetscapeNavigatororInternetExplorer.Bothprograms ;.4*f currentlyareavailablefreeofcharge.Thewebbrowserunderstandswebaddresses,whichtypicallyfollowtheformat www.domain.com.Bytypingin www.microsoft.com,orbysimplyclickingthemouseonalinkto4l J  5  www.microsoft.com,6|J|  7|Ԁtheweb G@ browserdisplaysthemainpageatMicrosoftCorporation,whichinturnprovideslinkstomanyotherpages.TheWorldWideWebtrulyisaweb"thebrowsercanfollowlinksfromonesitetothenextbysimplyclickingthemouse.ThislinkingisthekeytousingtheInternetforlegalresearch.Itpermitsanattorneytouseanindividualpathtotheinformation.Linksmakeitunnecessaryformassiveamountsofduplicatedatatobestoredatmanyseparatesites.Merelyincludingalinktoasitewiththedataprovidesameansforreadyaccess.Linksalsomeanthatresearchersneednotfollowastricthierarchalschemewhendoingresearch.   2  C  .3    UsingtheInternettoCommunicateWith  Others   Increasinglyclientsandattorneysareusingemailas  aprimarymethodofcommunication.Workersinthehightechindustryrelyheavilyonemail.Email '  in1999isalotlikefaxmachinesin1990orso"thingshavejustaboutgottentothepointwhereitisshockingtofindanattorneywhodoesnothave(andknowhowtouse)email.Justlikewithfax g` machines,thereareafewholdouts,butthetimeisnotfaroffthatitwillbeinconceivabletopracticelawwithoutemail. ! Herearesomewaysattorneyscanuseemailto w p# communicatewithothersmoreeffectively:0 F 0FVFVEmailingopposingcounsel"Thismethodis "& morewidelyusedin_transactional_Ԁpracticeareasratherthaninalitigationpracticebecausesomestatesproceduralrulesdonotyetrecognizetheeffectivenessofemailcommunicationfornotice '& "* purposes.Nevertheless,emailisagoodwayto &"+ setmeetingdates,leavemessagesastostatus,etc.Itisquickerthanleavingavoicemailmessage,anditiseasytorespondtotheoriginalmessage,creatinga virtualpapertrailofthebackandforthmessages. VV 0 F 0FVFVEmailingclients"Manyclientsrelyheavilyon ,(2 emailandprefertouseittocorrespond.With w-p)3 clientcommunications,however,onemustworryG.@*4VV aboutpreservationofattorneyclientprivilege.Isemailcorrespondencebetweenanattorney 5 andhisorherclientprivileged?Istheattorneymeetinghisorherethicalobligationstokeepclientinformationconfidentialifhe/sheusesemail?Thisisanemergingareaofthelaw.For 9 indepthdiscussionsofthissubject,seeFrankL._Amoroso_, ApplyingtheAttorneyClientPrivilegetoEmail,at 4mJ  5  http://www.nhdd.com/emarta.htm;6TJhBus  798uԀThomasA. i b= _Keller_, Attorney/clientPrivilegeAndEmail:IsthistheFastLanetoMalpracticeontheInformationSuperhighway?at4n98J  5  http://legal.law.stetson.edu/courses/tkeller.htm;6֊JBus  798+#  A andRobertL.Jones, ClientConfidentiality:ALawyersDutiesWithRegardtoInternetEmailat4o98J  5  http://www.computerbar.org/netethics/bjones.h yrE tm.6,J@Bus  798onԀThebottomline:(1)Encryptedemailshould [TF beusedifpossible;(2)Hackerscanreadunencryptedemail,sotheclientshouldbe H warnedofthepotentiallossofconfidentialinformationandwaivetheattorneysresponsibilitythereforiftheclientchoosestouseemailtocommunicate;(3)astatementof L confidentialityandprivilegeshouldbeattachedtotheemailmessagetoillustratethatthe kdN attorneyandclientintendedthecommunicationtobeconfidential;and(4)theabilitytoprotect /(P emailcommunicationundertheattorneyclient  Q privilegeprobablyhingesonwhetherornottherewasareasonableexpectationthatthecommunicationwouldbeconfidential. (#(# 0 6 06(#6(#Emailwithincommittees,workgroups,etc." {!tV emailisaveryefficientwaytocirculate ]"VW informationamongafairlysmallgroupofpeopleworkingonthesameproject.Anemail !$ Y messagecanbesentto5"20personsquickerandcheaperthanafaxmessage. (#(# 0 6 06(#6(#Emailmailinglists"Thereareemailmailing '#] listsonvirtuallyeverytopic.Forexample,theAmericanBarAssociationsSectiononRealProperty,ProbateandTrustLawsponsorstheABA_PTL_Ԁlist,whichhashundredsofsubscribersaroundthecountry,includinganumberofnationallyrecognizedexperts.Bysubscribingtothislist,anattorneywillget10to20emailmessagesperdayonavarietyofestate .*e(#(# planningtopics.Manyofthesewillnotbeofinterestandneednotberead.However,someofthemessageswillbetimelyandwelcome.Forexample,theauthorlearnedoftheissuanceofTAM9751003"whichcalledintoquestiontheabilitytouseacrummeypowertoqualifyfortheannualgifttaxexclusionwhenthesubjectofthegiftisaninterestinafamilylimitedpartnership"onChristmasEve,1997,thedayafteritwasissued,bymeansofapostingontheABA_PTL_list.q U  3      ׀Thismadeitpossibletoreworkcertain    provisionsofalimitedpartnershipthatwastobecreatedbyyearend1997.ItispossiblethattheTAMwouldhavereachedtheauthorsconsciousnessbeforethatdealclosed,butnotlikely. VV Emailisnottheonlywaytocommunicatewith   othersovertheInternet.Somefirmsareestablishingan extranetsothatpersonsgivenpermissioncanaccessinformationonthefirmscomputerovertheInternet.Anextranetisasiteon  theInternetwhichpermitspersonsoutsidetheLANpasswordaccesstoprotectedpartsofthesite.Forexample,theACTECwebsite(4v J  5  www.actec.org)6=JQs  7<Ԁhas 70 anextranet"amembersonlyareawhich  nonmemberscannotaccess.Lawfirmscanusean  extranettokeepclientsinformedaboutpending  matters.Forexample,ifalawfirmrepresentsanumberofinsurancecompaniesonmultipleinsurancedefensematters,itcangiveitsclientspasswordprotectedaccesstocertaininformation,suchascasestatus,pleadings,depositiontranscripts,etc.Theinsuranceadjustercouldgotothelawfirmssite,entertheappropriatepassword,andseetheinformationwithouthavingtobothertheattorneyorthefirmssupportstaff.MostISPscanpermitpasswordprotectionofa %!& portionofthesite,enablinganextranet.Password u&n"' andusernamemaintenancecanbeaproblemifthe clientbasechangesfrequently,however. 9(2$)     2  III  .3  ԀUSINGTHEINTERNETFORLEGAL * RESEARCH   + HugeamountsofinformationareavailableontheInternet.Unfortunately,accesstothatinformationisspotty,atleastwhenusingfreeservices.   2  A  .3    FreeResearch   1   Nottoomanyyearsago,everythingonthewebwasfree.Anyattemptatcommercializationonthewebwasgreetedwithderisionamongtherelativelysmallnumberof_techies_ԀwhoroamedtheInternet.Todaythewebisacommercialplace.CompaniessellaccesstotheInternet,hardwareandsoftwaretousetheInternet,informationontheInternetandjustabouteveryitemofmerchandiseonecanimagine.Despitecommercialization,mostoftheinformationandservicesontheInternetremainfree(assumingonedoesnotcountthecostofconnectingtotheInternet).WhilethereareanumberoffeebasedservicesavailableontheInternet,muchisavailablewithoutpayingafeetothepersonorcompanypostingtheinformation.   6  2  1  .3    TheWorldWideWeb  D ThekeytofindinginformationontheInternetistheWorldWideWeb,andthekeytofindinginformationontheWorldWideWebarehypertextlinks.AttachedasappendicestothispaperisatableshowinggivinglinkstoanumberofsitesontheWeb.Appendix  A  B listsselectedfederalandtaxlawlinks.Appendix  B  C listsnumerousstatelawlinks.Appendix_  C  D _Ԁincludesreferencematerialsandotherlinksofinterest.Readingtheseappendicesonpaperfailstoillustratethefullimpactofthewebonlegalresearch.Ontheonehand,descriptionsofthelinksmaymakeitappearthatallknowledgeisavailableforfreeattheclickofamouse.Ontheotherhand,thetextualdescriptionstendtounderstatethepowerofthewebtoquicklyfindcertaininformation.Onlybyaccessingtheseappendicesinawebbrowserandfollowingthelinkscanonereallygetafeelforhowamazingandfrustratingthewebcanbe. g.`*Y ЇTheamazingpartofthewebisapparentalmostimmediatelywhenonebeginsclickingonlinks.Thefrustratingpartofthewebarisesfromtwosources.First,nooneorganizestheweb,sogettingaparticularpieceofinformationcanbetimeconsumingand/orimpossible.Second,informationisavailableonlyifsomepersonororganizationdeemsitworthwhiletomakethatinformationavailable.Governmentsitesmaymakeinformationavailableaspartofitspublicservicecommitment.Companies,includinglawfirms,financialfirmsandbookpublishers,maymakeinformationavailableasawaytogenerateincreasedbusiness.Othercompaniesmaymakeinformationavailableasameanstomakemoneythroughsalesofadvertising.Individualsmaymakeinformationavailablebecauseofanavidinterestinaparticularsubject.Luckily,thesevariousmotivationsformakinginformationavailablehaveresultedinvastbodiesofknowledgeaccessiblebytheInternet.Unfortunately,therearegapsinthesebodiesofknowledge.   F  2  2  .3    EmailMailingLists h sl InadditiontoresourcesavailableontheWeb,email 70 mailinglistscanbeavaluablesourceofsubstantiveinformationforlawyers.ThetwobestlistsforACTECfellowsaretheABA_PTL_ԀlistandtheACTEC_GEN_Ԁlist.Informationonsubscribingtobothlistsisincludedintheappendix.   2  B  .3  ԀFeeBasedResearch   DuetothestillspottyresourcesavailableforfreeovertheInternet,itprobablyremainsnecessarytohaveanaccountwithWestlaw,LEXISandsimilarservicestofillinthegaps.Mostoftheseservices"includingserviceswhichtraditionallywereaccessedviadialupconnectionsareavailableovertheInternet.TherearetworeasonscurrentdialupcustomersmaywishtoaccessWestlaw,LEXISandsimilarservicesovertheInternetratherthanbyadialupconnection.First,theInternetconnectionprobably *&, _is_Ԁfaster,especiallyifa56Kmodemisused. , Second,itisunnecessarytohangupthelinetothe - ISP(disconnectingfromtheInternet)inorderto . accesstheservice,andviceversa.Thisbecomesmoresignificantasemailbecomesasubiquitousas 0 faxes.   2  C  .3  ԀAStrategyforResearchingontheInternet TherearecertainbasicstepsthatoughttobefollowedindevelopingandpursuingalegalresearchprojectusingtheInternet.Thosestepsshouldincludethefollowing:1)Identifythekeyfactsandsearchtermsandlikelylegalanalysis.Testthosetermsinsomeofthemorepopularsearchenginestoseeiftheywillproduceanyreliableresults.2)Choosethe"finding"toolsyouwanttouse,thosebeingeithergeneral(searchengines)orkeylegalresearchstartingpoints.3)Planyoursearchstrategysoyoucanminimizeyouronlinetime.3)Findyourinformation.UsealltheavailableInternetresources,includingstartingpoints,legalspecificsearchtoolsandemaildiscussiongroups.4)Evaluatetherelativemeritsandreliabilityoftheresultsyouobtained.5)Ifneedbe,followupwithonlineverificationofthepropercitationsandthecurrentstatusofallcasesandrulingsyoufoundusingeithertheLexis_Nexis_ԀortheWestlawdatabases,bothofwhicharenowaccessibleviatheWebforlessthanitcoststodothatwiththeirownproprietarysoftware.  2  IV  .3  ԀCONCLUSION   W'P#T TheInternetisbecomingincreasinglyimportanttoattorneys.Withalittleeffort,itcanbearesource,notaburden. *&X (JVV(  ,(X @   APPENDIXA"FACTSITUATIONSFORDISCUSSION       FactSituationNo.OneThePre1977JointTenancy    LetsassumewehavejustbeenretainedbyJackFlowerstorepresenttheestateofhiswife,June,whopassed  awaylastSeptembersurvivedbyJackandtheiradultson,John.JunesWillisasimpleWillthatgivesallherpropertytoJackifhesurvivesherby30days(whichhedid),elsetoherson,John,andJackisnamedtoactasthePersonalRepresentative.Hertotalgrossestateisworth$800,000,andthisincludesherhalfinterestintheirhome,whichtheyacquiredasjointtenantsin1974withthenetproceedsfromthedeferredcapitalgainsaleofJackspremaritalhome.Jackhasalwaysmadeallthepaymentsonthemortgageandpaidforalltherepairsandimprovements.TheadjustedcostbasisofthehomeonJunesdateofdeathwas$50,000,anditsfairmarketvaluewas$200,000.ThemainquestionthatneedstoberesearchedandansweredinconnectionwiththepreparationoftheFederalEstateTaxReturnforJunesestateiswhetherthehomewillqualifyfora100%dateofdeathcostbasisadjustment,orsomethinglessthanthat,and,ifthelatter,whetherJackcandisclaimhisjointtenantsurvivorshipinterestinthesameandletitpasstohisson,asJacksownseparateestateisnowworth$1,800,000.JackhasrecentlyreadintheWallStreetJournalaboutthe1992Gallensteincase,inwhichitwasheldthat  thedefinitionofqualifiedjointinterestsin_IRC_ԀSec.2040(b)(2)thatwasmadebythe1981amendmentsdidnotexpresslyorimpliedlyrepealtheeffectivedateof_IRC_ԀSec.Sec.2040(b)(2)dealingwithQualifiedJointInterestsbetweenspouses,withtheresultthatitdoesnotapplytospousaljointinterestscreatedbeforeJanuary1,1977.Thus,ifthespousewhodiesfirsthassuppliedalltheconsiderationforthepurchase,afull100%basisstepupoccursatthedeathofthecontributingspouse.Herethe initialquestion isifthatsameresultcanbeobtainedwhenitisthenoncontributingspousewho )" diesfirst.JackremembersreadinginaWSJarticlerecentlythattheGallensteincasehadbeenfollowedin   arecent1998TaxCourtcasenamedHahnvCommr,andthattheFourthCircuithasalsofollowedtheSixth  CircuitGallensteincase,buthecannotrememberthenameofthatcase[itwasPattenvUS󀄀1997].  A secondaryquestion is,ifthehomeisnoteligibleforafull100%stepupinbasis,andsinceJacksown  separateestatesisnowworth$1,800,000,doesitmakesenseforJacktodisclaimhissurvivorshipinterestintheproperty,assuminghecan,andletitpasstohisson,John,freeofgiftorestatetax,andthenhaveJackbuybackJohnsundividedonehalfinterestinthehomebackfromJohnatitscurrentfairmarketvalue.This,bynecessity,willrequireanexaminationofthejointtenancylawsinJackshomestateofColoradoandtheapplicablefederalandstatedisclaimerstatutes. Inaddition ,JackandJohnwanttoknowif,assumingheandJohnendupbeingcoownersofthehouse,will %!& adiscountbeavailableforthatpropertyinthefirstdecedentsestate.WewillattempttoresearchandanalyzeallthreeoftheseissuesusingseveraloftheInternetandrelatedresearchsourcesandtechnologiesthatarecurrentlyavailabletous.  X)Q%*  FactSituationNo.TwoMultiStateTrust    NowletsassumethatyourepresentStillwaterStateBank,anOklahomastatebankwithtrustpowers.You  havehelpedthetrustdepartmentoutofmanyjamsinthepast,andwhileyoudontdoalloftheirtrustwork,theytendtocallyouwhentheresarealmessontheirhands.SydneySteinfeld,seniorvicepresidentandtrustofficer,calledtotellyouthatthebankhasalineonasignificantnewpieceoftrustbusiness"allsevencurrentbeneficiariesofthreelargetrustscreatedbythefounderofTastyFruity,Inc.haveagreedthattheywanttospliteachtrustssothatthereareseparatetrustsforeachbeneficiary.ThesettlorofthetrustslivedinOhio,andthetrustsnowarebeingadministeredbyBigBlueBankofCleveland.Mr.SteinfeldtellsyouthatBigBluehasagreedtoresignastrusteeinexchangeforareleasefromallsevenbeneficiaries.TwoofthesevenbeneficiariesliveinOklahoma,andbothwouldlikeStillwaterStateBanktotakeoverassuccessortrusteeoftheirseveredtrusts.Thecombinedtrustestatesofthesetwobeneficiariesseveredtrustswillbeapproximately$27,000,000.AftermeetingwithMr.Steinfeldandareviewofthetrustdocuments,youdiscoverthatthesevenbeneficiariesallarethesettlorsgreatgrandchildrenand,inadditiontobeingcurrentincomebeneficiaries,allarecontingentremaindermenofthethreetrusts"eachwilltakehis/hershareuponattainingtheageoffifty(50)years.Hereisabreakdownofthebeneficiaries:*eSddd hi(#(#e, dd ,dd ,A dd +    QName '1*"Q Q'Age '1*"Q Q'StateofDomicile '1*"Q 'Albert G="  F@44F@G44 G=2"  F@44 F@ GOhio '" 'Betsy G="  D@41D@G41 G=2"  D@41 D@ GOklahoma '" 'Charles G=sl"  D@40D@G40 G=2sl"  D@40 D@ GColorado 'sl" 'Doris G= "  B@37B@G37 G=2!"  B@37 B@ GTexas '"" 'Edward G=KD#"  B@37B@G37 G=2KD$"  B@37 B@ GOklahoma 'KD%" 'Frances G=&"  ?@31?@G31 G=2'"  ?@31 ?@ GWisconsin '(" 'Greg G=#)"  ;@27;@G27 G=2#*"  ;@27 ;@ GAlaska"#+"  "BetsyandEdwardwantStillwaterStateBanktobetheirsuccessortrustee.GregwantsNotellStateBankofAlaskatobehistrustee.TheotherfourbeneficiarieswantSkiCityBankofColoradotobetheirsuccessortrustee.Thecorpusofthetrustsisprimarilyinstocksandbonds.However,BetsyandEdward(whoarebrotherandsister)wantthetrusteetobuya ranchinthewesternmountainstateswithaportionofthetrustcorpus"exactlywhere,theyhaventdecided.Mr.SteinfeldsaysthatSkiCityBankseesnoproblemwithtakingoverassuccessortrusteeforBigBlueandsplittingthetrustsnonjudiciallyunderColoradolaw.Afterthesplit,StillwaterwouldtakeoverassuccessortrusteeofBetsysandEdwardstrustsfollowingSkiCitysresignationwithrespecttothosetrusts.Mr.Steinfeldisdyingtogetthisbusiness,buthedoesntwantthebanktobeexposed.Areviewofthetrustsshowsthatoneofthethreetrustshasnochoiceoflawclauseandnoprovisionforresignationofatrusteeorappointmentofsuccessortrustees.AnotherofthetrustshasanOhiochoiceoflawclausebutnoprovisionforresignationofthetrusteeorappointmentofsuccessortrustees.Thelasttrusthasnochoiceoflawclauseandaprovisionpermittingthetrusteetoresignandforany courtofcompetentjurisdictiontoappointasuccessor.Eachofthetrustinstrumentsissilentaboutsplittingtrusts. K.D*; ЇThebeneficiariesaresomewhatupsetwithBigBlue,buttheyarewillingtogiveareleaseinexchangeforBigBluescooperationinresigningastrustee.BigBlueiswillingtoresign,buttheywouldliketoavoidgettinginvolvedinthetrustsplit,appointmentofsuccessortrustees,etc.ThefirstissuetoaddressistheproperprocedureforappointingasuccessortrusteeofthetrustsuponBigBluesresignation.WhatdoesOhiolawprovide?Isthereanargumentthatanotherstateslawsshouldapply?Whichstate(ofthestatesinwhichthebeneficiariesreside)wouldbethebeststatetohandletheresignationandappointmentissue?Isthereawaytohandletheresignation/appointmentwithoutinvolvingBigBlueasaparty?Thesecondissueinvolvessplittingthetrusts.DoesOhiolawpermitsplittingtrusts?Canitbedonenonjudicially?Doanyoftheotherrelevantstates(thestatesinwhichthebeneficiarieslive)permitnonjudicialdivisionoftrusts?Finally,ifSkiCitygoesaheadwithitsplantononjudiciallysplitthetrustsandiswillingtoresignastrusteeofBetsysandEdwardsseveredtrusts,canStillwaterStateBanksafelytakeoverassuccessortrustees,ormusttheyquestionthevalidityofBigBlues/SkiCitysactions?  '  tp.@   APPENDIXB"FEDERALANDTAXRESOURCES     s&\%% &K5s]%s&\@ FederalandTaxResources    #s&\%s]## &K5%%s&\#s&\%% &K5I.FederalLawResources *w\xdSd dd dd A dd A (#(#,( dd ,( dd ,( dd +  $   $LinkName '6 /" 'WebSiteURL '6 /" 'Description/Comments #6 / "  #U.S.Congress[Thomas]     4y <J  5  http://thomas.loc.gov6dJxtep  7      FederalLegislation     U.S.HouseofRepresentatives    4z <J  5  http://law.house.gov6Jtep  7         InternetLawLibraryTrusts&Estates    U.S.HouseBills  PI  4{ <J  5  http://www.house.gov/Legpro PI  c.html6Jtep  7 (  .'  FullTextBills  PI  GPOAccess    4 <J  5  http://www.access.gpo.gov6 Jtep  7 M     tm FreeFederalDepositaryGatewayLibraryaccesstoCongressionalRecord,FederalRegisterandLegislativeBills   FederalRegulatoryInformation  TM  @4 <J  5  http://www.lib.umich.edu/chdocs/federalregs/regshome.html6Jtep  7  2+#@ FederalRegulations  vo$ LibraryofCongress  % @4| <J  5  _telnet_://locis.loc.gov6J#tep  7 Q & 4 <J  5  http://lcweb.loc.gov/homepage/lchp.html6Jtep  7 H  *@ LegislativeBillsandResolutionsviaTelnetandtheWeb  VO- DepartmentofJustice  zs. 4 <